涉外商标侵权-OEM-中国法院裁判思路变化
随着经济全球化的推进,OEM(“Original Equipment Manufacture")代加工在世界多地变得普遍。此种商业模式是商标经济价值的典型体现。在跨地域的定牌加工,如某国的代工厂仅进行生产加工,而销售则是在委托方国家进行时,就可能形成一种跨法域、存在商标权冲突的特列。这类商标侵权案件产生的根本原因在于知识产权具有地域性,即不同国家的商标权相互独立,只能在各自国家内得到承认和保护。As economic globalization keeps advancing, the practice of OEM has turned into a common phenomenon all around the world. This business model vividly demonstrates the economic value of trademarks. When OEM is carried out across different regions, with a factory in one country solely undertaking the production while the sales occur in the principal's country, it may give rise to distinctive situations of cross-jurisdicational trademark conflicts. The fundamental reason for such trademark infringement cases originates from the territorial nature of intellectual property rights, signifying that trademark rights in different countries are independent and are recognized and protected merely within their own jurisidictions.
中国法院在裁判涉外定牌加工中的商标侵权案件中的裁判思路经历了显著的变化。以下是一些关键点,以及它们的变化和依据:The adjudicative approach of Chinese courts in ruling on trademark infringement cases involving foreign-related OEM processing has undergone significant changes. Here are some key points, along with their evolution and basis:
早期裁判思路:Early Adjudicative Approach:在2010年之前,中国法院多数认为如果OEM产品上使用的商标与国内注册商标相同或近似,则构成商标侵权。Before 2010, most chinese courts believed that if the trademark used on OEM products was identical to or similar with a registered domestic trademark, it constituted trademark infringement.
2015年PRETUL案:PRETUL Case in 2015:中国最高人民法院再审PRETUL案时,认为OEM商品上贴附的标识在中国境内仅属于物理贴附行为,没有起到商标识别功能,不构成商标的使用。是否破坏商标的识别功能,是判断是否构成侵害商标权的基础。 When the Supreme People's Court re-tried the PRETUL case, it was considered that the labels affixed to OEM products were merely physical attachments within China and did not serve as a trademark identification function, thus not constituting the use of a trademark.
2017年东风案:Dongfeng Case in 2017:最高人民法院再审东风案时,重申了涉外定牌加工中商业标识使用并非商标性使用,不构成商标侵权。When the Supreme People's Court re-tried the Dongfeng case, it reiterated that the use of commercial identification in foreign-related OEM was not a trademark use and did not constitute trademark infringement.
2019年本田案:Honda Case in 2019: 最高人民法院再审本田案时,裁判观点发生了重大转变。法院认为贴牌依法构成商标的使用,不能将涉外定牌固化为商标侵权的例外。即使商品全部出口至国外,也存在回流国内市场的可能,相关公众除消费者外,还包括与商品营销密切相关的经营者。 There was a significant shift in the adjudicative viewpoint when the Supreme People's Court re-tried the Honda case. The court ruled that the OEM labeling constituted the use of a trademark and could not be regarded as an exception to trademark infringement. Even if the products were all exported abroad, there was a possibility of returning to the domestic market. The relevant public, in addition to consumers, also included operators closely related to the marketing of the products.
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